Animal Classifications Lesson Plan - 1818 Words

Animal Classifications Lesson Plan Subject(s) Science Topic or Unit of Study Animal Classifications Grade/Level Grade 3 Objective: With the completion of the Animal Classifications lesson, students will understand and know the following: 1. Students will know what classification means. Classification is the arrangement of objects, ideas or information into groups. 2. Students will understand that the objects or members of a particular classification have one or more characteristics or behaviors in common. 3. Students will understand that classifications are made throughout our society in many different ways. 4. Students will understand that classifications are made in science, with the classifications of†¦show more content†¦Move through the Powerpoint slides and include verbal explanation in addition to the slides. Inform the students of the animal classification we use today was developed by Carolus Linnaeus, who was a Swedish naturalist who separated animals and plants according to certain physical similarities and gave each species a name. 5. Continue through the Powerpoint presentation, explaining that animals are classified on seven major levels. Go through each level: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Pause for a short moment to ask the students if there are any questions about the background of animal classifications. 6. Use a brown squirrel for an example. This example will be included in the Powerpoint presentation. Explain to students how one can determine what animal class a brown squirrel belongs to by discussing the characteristics of the brown squirrel, and how the characteristics fall into the determined animal class. 7. Ask students to join in on a classroom discussion by going over another example of a mammal, and how to determine the animal s class. This discussion is included in the Powerpoint presentation. Discuss again with the students how similar characteristics of a group of animals determine the animal s class. Reiterate how differences in the characteristics of animals make them in different classes. Take another short pauseShow MoreRelatedINT 1 Task 11735 Words   |  7 Pages60’s - Discovery of genetic diseases. 1970’s - classification by DNA starts, replacing classification by visible traits. 1980’s - Barbara McClintock discovered that genes are able to change positions on chromosomes. 1990’s - DNA is used in Forensics and medicine. Example - Portland, Oregon has first crime conviction due to DNA fingerprinting. OJ Simpson trial makes DNA forensics big news. Example - Humulin - insulin replacement of the pig (or other animal insulin) being used up to this time. Also, GeneRead MoreIntroduction. Teaching Math And Science Were Important1358 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents learning needs, instructional approaches and the evaluation strategies were discussed in detail. Addressing Individual Needs To develop an effective teaching plan, the teacher should analyze the preexisting knowledge of children. Understand the students’ strengths and the needs should be the initial step to frame the lesson. The teacher should understand the learning style of students to address their individual needs. Students with a physical disability but cognitively efficient requiresRead MoreJohn Holland s Theory Of Types847 Words   |  4 PagesLevinson, 2012). Realistic (R) Realistic personality types like to work with animals, tools, or machines. Realistic individuals generally avoid social activities, such as teaching, healing, and informing others. They have good skills in working with tools, mechanical or electrical drawings, machines, or plants and animals. Realistic people usually value practical things they can see, touch, and use, such as plants and animals, tools, equipment, or machines, and sees themselves as practical, mechanicalRead MoreTheories Of Learning, Misconceptions Of Biological Classification And Assessment For Learning2231 Words   |  9 Pagesof Biological Classification and Assessment for Learning (AFL). Literature was acquired from Google Scholar, teaching resources and online journals from King’s College Library and resources provided by the PGCE department. Prior to locating published literature on Google Scholar, I searched on Google to familiarise myself with general information. I used keywords such as ‘Jean Piaget Theories of Learning,’ ‘Vygotsky Theories of Learning,’ and ‘Misconceptions of Animal Classification.’ Some originalRead MoreLesson Plan1399 Words   |  6 PagesDetailed Lesson plan in Science and Health Grade III I. Objective 1) Classify foods according to the three basic food groups. 2) State that eating the right kind of foods in the right amount is necessary for ones growth and development. 3) Maintain good health habits. II. Subject Matter A. Topic: The Food You Eat Ref: T. M. Science and Health 3 pp. 47-49 T. X. Science and Health 3 pp. 56-59 B. Concept: Go, Grow and Glow foods are the basic food groups needed by childrenRead MoreElements Of The Folk Narrative : Three Little Pigs1185 Words   |  5 Pageswanted to revisit this story which sparked fond and warm memories and see what was so special about it, now as an older version of myself. It’s a well-known story and I wanted to dive in deeper to its significance. Setting and Plot The talking animal animal tale, Three Little Pigs, shares a common setting among folk narratives as told by its introductory lines. The story begins as: â€Å"Once upon a time when pigs spoke rhyme†; its era is inconclusive but in a fantasy world or alternate reality where pigsRead MoreSea Syllabus9016 Words   |  37 Pagesenvironment and problems caused by its degradation. The practice of habits which demonstrate care of the environment. Appreciation of the value of entrepreneurship, self- reliance and a positive work ethic. Demonstration of the skills in crop and animal husbandry and soil conservation. Development of knowledge and appreciation of career pathways in agriculture. iii Summary of the Agricultural Science Curriculum This curriculum consists of eleven main topics. These topics are as follows:1. ENVIRONMENTRead MorePersonal Environmental Statement and Action Plan1569 Words   |  7 Pages My Personal Environmental Statement and Action Plan The dynamic relationship between humans, Earth and all else within has always captivated me. I was born in 1973 in Jamaica, my parents were politically active, I was taken as a child to rallies mostly about challenging socio-political injustices and poverty, in the streets of London, Kingston and New York and can recall the first time hearing such terminology as, ‘limits to growth’, ‘the pollution pandemic’, ‘alternative energy’, ‘consumerismRead MoreStudents With The Best Learning Experience1821 Words   |  8 Pagesidentify several ways that can help reach my teaching professional goals. On 11/07/2016, Colleen Walcott made shared very interesting strategies they observed while on the field such as mini-lessons strategies use at a 5th Grade Rock Cycle lesson. In my own perspective, I understand that a mini lesson is a short lesson that will teach student smaller concepts. Because each unit belong to a lager concept, students will be able to later relate smaller ideas to bigger ideas or skills. I believe as a new teacherRead MoreEssay about WGU VZT12669 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Company G 3-Year Marketing Plan Assessment Code: VZT1 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Mission Statement 3 Product Description and Classification 3 Consumer Product Classification 3 Target Market 4 Competitive Situation Analysis 4 Analysis of Competition using Porter’s 5 Forces Model 4 SWOT Analysis 6 Strengths 6 Weaknesses 6 Opportunities 7 Threats 7 Market Objectives 7 Product Objective 7 Price Objective 7 Place Objective 7 Promotion Objective 8 Marketing Strategies 8 Product Strategies 8 Price

The Value Of The Jewelry Market - 990 Words

According to the statistics from the IBEF (India Brand Equity Foundation, 2015) the estimated value of domestic jewelry market is about 70-75 Billion US Dollars. The Jewelry Market in India is expected to grow at a CAGR (Compounded Average Growth Ratio) of 15.95 per cent over the period 2014-2019. The potential market segments are Gender (Males, Females). Age (Baby boomers, Gen X, Gen Y). Income (High-income, Middle-income). Highly competitive international brands. Emerge in 3 forms: 1. ‘Corporate Giants’ – With a presence across various segments of the value chain. e.g. De Beers, Richemont (Cartier). 2. Volume Players – Companies with depth and huge capacity in a single segment whether mining, diamond manufacturing or retailing. e.g. Tiffany Co. 3. Experts – Companies that develop specialized expertise in niche areas at various points in the chain. e.g. Harry Winston, Bvlgari. Porter’s 5 Forces The Porter’s 5 Force Model identifies the relative strengths of five competitive forces on the exquisite jewellery industry’s competitive intensity and profit potential. Bargaining Power of Buyers (Low) Fragmented Market: The consumers of fine jewellery are largely fragmented across geographical locations e.g. US, UK, Asia-Pacific, thus their bargaining power is relatively low. †¢ Product Differentiation: Products in the fine jewellery sector are highly differentiated. For example, affluent consumers pursue exclusive designs by Tiffany’s renowned artists Paloma Picasso and FrankShow MoreRelatedGlobal Online Jewelry Market–Focus on the U.S., China and India: (2013-2018) - Daedal Research1310 Words   |  6 PagesView Report Details Global Online Jewelry Market–Focus on the U.S., China and India: Opportunities and Trends (20132018) View Report Details Scope of the Report The report titled â€Å"Global Online Jewelry Market–Focus on the U.S., China and India: Opportunities and Trends (2013-2018)† provides an in-depth analysis of the major jewelry markets like the U.S., China and India. It also accesses the key opportunities and underlying trends in the market and outlines the factors that are and willRead MoreTiffany and Co. Consumer Behaviour1352 Words   |  6 PagesCase Preparation | | 09/26/2012 | Quality Perceptual Map Exclusivity Perceptual Map The Fine Jewelry Market Defined â€Å"The consumers in the fine jewellery market segment are quality conscious individuals who  appreciate and understand the prestige and pride of ownership when purchases are  made in such companies and markets.† Product Category Tiffany and Co. is a fine jewelry company that was established in 1837 in New York City (Tiffany and Co., 2012). In 1886, Tiffany and Co. createdRead MoreDesigning Tiffany Co.1320 Words   |  6 Pages INTRODUCTION: Tiffany Co. is one of the oldest luxury jewelry brands, which was established in the U.S. by Charles Lewis Tiffany. The company when started was a stationery shop at New York’s Broadway Street, however because of the dedication and risk taking ability of its founder it today become a leading luxury jewelry and high-end specialty goods retailer. Tiffany’s offers a wide range of products to its customers including jewelry, watches, home pieces, stationery, crystal and chinaware, fragrancesRead MoreRetail708 Words   |  3 Pageswarranty covering manufacturing defects. * Sales Pandora corporate headquarters dictates the prices and they have a Recommended Retail Price (RRP), most retailers are prohibited from undercutting their prices so the cost is consistent throughout a market/country. The only exception is Denmark because of the countries’ laws prohibiting a company from dictating the price of products. * Pandora prices differ throughout the world Many things go into the Recommended Retail Price for the country,Read MoreArtificial / Imitation Jewelry Sourcing Market Feasibility Report1477 Words   |  6 Pagesin Report Nature: Artificial Jewelry Sourcing Report Subject: Artificial Jewelry Requested Date: 30.06.08 Issued Date: 06.07.08 Price: 5000/-INR Client ID: II02 Subscription No:10002 Artificial / Imitation Jewelry Sourcing Market feasibility report â€Å"Indian Fashion Jewellery consumer market is one of the fastest growing in the world is larger than Europe America put together† Fashion Jewelry Market Overview Fashion jewelry is nothing but a replica of jewelry crafted out of materials likeRead MoreBlue Nile Inc Case Study1249 Words   |  5 PagesState University MM452-Strategic Management Dr. Moos February 23, 2015 Table of Contents Competitive Forces confronting Blue Nile and other online retail jewelers 3 Key Factors to a Company’s Success in the Market 4 Blue Nile’s Strategy 5 Blue Nile’sRead MoreProblem Faced by Blue Nile Company1095 Words   |  5 Pagesincrease consumer awareness and confidence purchasing high value luxury jewelry online? ⠝â€" Blue Nile has very little presence outside of the United States and only offers a limited number of products in United Kingdom and Canada. ⠝â€" The cost to buy keywords on Internet search engines rose significantly in 2005, which result in cutting back on advertising expenditure, which lack in attracting customers. ⠝â€" Traditional jewelry retailers such as Zale’s, Sterling, and Tiffany have begunRead MoreAnalysis Of Micro Approach Of A Laddering Styled Interview900 Words   |  4 PagesIn order to effectively market products to consumers, marketers must be able to understand how product attributes can contribute to a consumer’s core values. The â€Å"micro† approach of a laddering styled interview, allows researchers the ability to understand the level of importance each attribute has to the consumer on a more intimate, individual level. Based on which attributes rank highest, marketing implications such as advertising and market segmentation can be carefully deliberated. This essayRead MoreThe Zale Corporation Case1372 Words   |  6 PagesTHE ZALE CORPORATION Zale Corporation is a leading specialty retailer of diamonds and other jewelry products in North America. The Company has significant brand name recognition as a result of each of its brands’ long-standing presence in the industry, having 2.349 stores in the United States, Puerto Rico and Canada. The Company ´s vision â€Å"provide customers with quality merchandise at the lowest possible price† has remain the same since its first store opening in 1920 ´s. The Mission of Zale CorporationRead MoreTiffany Co Analysis1360 Words   |  6 PagesBox: Does It Have Any Strategic Significance? What are the companys vision/mission and objectives? Vision statement: â€Å"Tiffany Co. collaborates with other †¨forward-looking leaders in the jewelry industry and †¨with nongovernmental organizations in order to †¨positively influence the entire jewelry supply chain†. Mission Statement: â€Å" to be the world’s most respected jeweler†. Objectives: To was to remain one of the top higher quality players along with companies like Bulgari and Cartier

A picture is worth a thousand words Free Essays

You’ve heard it so many times that it sounds trite. But a picture really IS worth a thousand words. And if a dream is a very special kind of picture, how much is IT worth? Maybe more? What about very simple pictures and very simple dreams? No doubt they’re worth a little bit less than complex, elaborate ones. We will write a custom essay sample on A picture is worth a thousand words or any similar topic only for you Order Now Or are they? In my psychotherapy course one day, I presented my undergraduate students with these questions. â€Å"Here’s a very simple dream from a psychotherapy client I worked with years ago. I won’t tell you anything about the client. I’ll just tell you his dream, and then lets see what we can discover about him by exploring it†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ O.K? Here’s the dream:† â€Å"I was wearing a white shirt and a purple tie.† The students just stare at me, expecting more to come. â€Å"No,† I explain, â€Å"that’s it. That’s the dream. Now let’s start to explore it.† I then lead them through a group process of free associating to the dream (much like I describe on the Working and Playing with Dreams Page). â€Å"Just let your imagination go. Take every element of the dream and just let your mind wander on it. Whatever comes to mind. Don’t censor anything, that’s important. There is no right or wrong. It can be a fun, playful exercise – although the results sometimes may be serious and powerful. Freud thought that free association bypasses the defenses of rational, logical thinking and unlocks deeper links within the unconscious. It opens one up to fantasy, symbolism, and emotion – the very place from which dreams spring.† Here is a list of some of the associations the students come up with. For the purpose of this article I’ve organized them somewhat, whereas during the actual exercise the ideas surface in a much more freewheeling stream of consciousness: PURPLE †¦. royalty, bruises, choking, holding one’s breath, grief, a combination of blue and pink, goes well with black, The Color of Purple TIE †¦. formal attire, going to work, phallic symbol, tied up, being tied to something, chokes the neck, confining PURPLE TIE †¦. unconventional, stands out, rebellious, showing off WHITE †¦. clean, pure, unstained, â€Å"good,† light SHIRT †¦. the top part, covered up, tucked in, stuffed shirt, where are the pants? WHITE SHIRT†¦. conventional, boring, going to work, going to church, corporate America WHITE SHIRT AND PURPLE TIE†¦. unusual combination, contradictory combination, very unconventional, tie really stands out DEPLETION?†¦. there’s nobody else in the dream, it’s so static, there’s nothing happening, where are the feelings? After we finish this free associating, I then describe the client to the class. At the time Dan had the dream, he was 23 years old. I would describe him as a quiet, held-back person who was very confined (the tie) in how he talked, behaved, and felt towards others. Put bluntly, people found him rather boring to be with (white shirt). His emotional and interpersonal life were choked (the tie). He had almost no friends and felt little connection to his family (the tie again). Other than going to his tedious job (white shirt) as a low level technician for a computer company, essentially nothing was happening in his static, uneventful life (depletion). Dan was also very limited in understanding anything but the most surface, top-level (shirt) characteristics of his personality. Although outwardly conventional in how he dressed and acted at his job (white shirt), secretly he felt rebellious against authority (purple tie on white shirt) and generally superior (purple) to most people. He liked to think of himself as a political activist who firmly believed in the rights of abused (purple) people and felt more tied to them than anyone else. Comparing outside to inside, he was a bit of a contradiction (white shirt on purple tie). How to cite A picture is worth a thousand words, Papers

Perversion Essay Example For Students

Perversion Essay Dermott OFlanaganSexual Ethics PaperThe issues of sexual ethics in relation to morality and perversion have been addressed in depth by each of the gentleman at this table. Sexual activity as described by Solomon and Nagle is comprised of a moral standard and naturalness aspect. So, in claiming an act is perverted we must first examine it through a moral framework and understand how this interacts with the naturalness of a particular act. Solomon makes the distinction as follows Perversion is an insidious conceptTo describe an activity as perverse is not yet a full blown moral condemnation, for it need not entail that one ought not to indulge in such activities. Along with the examination of the nature of an act, there must be clear justification as to why sexual acts deserve special separate ethical principles. The question arises: does an act simply due to its sexual nature deserve a separate form of moral inquisition than other acts that occur in nature? In this essay I shall argue that perversion and immorality are not mutually exclusive. By this I mean that a sexual act that is, by my definition, immoral must also be perverted. It is also my contention that if an act is perverted we must also define it as immoral. This second part of the argument is contrary to what many of you have claimed. At the outset of this paper I would also like to state my support of Thomas Nagels argument holding that the connection between sex and reproduction has no bearing on sexual perversion. (Nagel 105)I will begin first with the idea that sexual behavior should not be granted its own moral code. Sexual ethics only makes sense if sexuality plays a unique role in human life. If procreation has significance precisely because it is a contribution to Gods ongoing work of creation, sexuality is supremely important and must be governed by restrictive rules, which would therefore prohibit sexual acts that are not for procreative purposes. This justification of sexuality as a unique aspect of human life, however, is dependent on a theological claim that there exists a God who micro manages the sexual lives of individuals. Without the presence of such a God, there can exist no separate restrictive rules on the nature of sexual acts. Even if we grant that there is a God, most people will agree that sex is more often used as a way to intensify the bond between two people and therefor sex is the ultimate trust and intimacy that you can share with a person. The church defines perverse acts as sexual behaviors that are not both unitive and procreative. This theological argument exemplifies a profound disregard for the realities of human life. Our starting point will be that human sexuality has its own natural purposes, its own nature, apart from any further purposes attributed to our creator, and apart from any biological function of increasing the numbers of an already too numerous natural kind. (Solomon 271) In a similar light to Solomon, I feel the church is unju stified in claiming that acts are perverted if they are contrary to the churches teachings which are founded on the natural law, illuminated and enriched by divine revelation. (Pope Paul VI 168) Not only does this claim not qualify as an argument from reason, it is simultaneously unenlightening to those who do not believe in God the Creator. In Kants essay Duties Towards the Body in Respect of Sexual Impulse he supports the opinion that sexual love by itself is nothing more than an appetite it is a degradation of human nature; for as soon as a person becomes an object of appetite for another, all motives of moral relationship cease to function. In believe that this conclusion is not necessarily valid and that the use of sexual activity for moral purposes and desire fulfillment is a maxim that can be universalized. Sexual pleasure is a sought after result of sex as it fulfills basic needs of touch and intimacy (Nozick). In some sense Kant is right that when sexual love is combined wi th human love the experience is more fulfilling to both individuals but this is not necessarily lead to a conclusion that without the bond of human love sex is perverse. I do agree with Kant that sexual relations are in fact a part of a human appetite. A sexual perversion according to Nagel must reveal itself in conduct that expresses an unnatural sexual preference. (Nagel 105) Sexual desire however is simply one of the appetites that the majority of animals possess. As such I contend that the significance of sexual activity is little different from the need to satisfy other desires that we encounter including Mills higher and lower desires. Since humans and animals share the same lower level desires for food, shelter and sex, no separate human sexual ethical values should be conceived. Behaviors such as eating and breathing all arise from the needs of the body. The desire for sexual pleasure is little different from the desire for food; sexual behavior is to be constrained by moral principles that apply to behavior in general. The ethics of sex is no more important than the ethics of anything else. An appetite is identified as sexual by means of the organs and erogenous zones in which its satisfaction can be to some extent localiz ed, and the special sensory pleasures that form the core of the satisfaction. (Nagel 106) Therefore any act that produces sexual pleasure can not be called unnatural. We can use our sexuality in creative, consensual, safe, and loving ways, or in destructive, coercive, unsafe, and unloving ones. If it is creative, consensual, safe, and loving, then it is moral. If it is destructive, coercive, unsafe, or unloving, then it is immoral. Most counter arguments against sex as an appetite arise from the idea that sexual relations are a special form of bonding and interaction. Although society seems to have endorsed this claim, and as such looks disrespectfully on those with numerous sexual partners, it is a cultural creation with no moral basis. In an analysis of sexual behavior it is difficult to separate the emotional bond from the physical act. One view holds that sex should be separated from love and affection. Sex is basically an intensive, exciting sensuous activity that can be enjoye d in a variety of suitable settings with a variety of suitable partners. The situation in regard to sexual pleasure is no different from that of the person who knows and appreciates fine food. (Wasserstrom 163) All morality deals with is the act or intention of the act and as such this unique bond that appears to be created through a sexual relationship is irrelevant to the morality of sexual behavior. Holy Trinity and Trimurti EssayHomosexual relations are no more or less open to being perverted than heterosexual sexual activity. Indeed the Golden Rule as I have interpreted it for matters of sexual activity clearly show that the sole fact that the sex is non-procreative is not a signal of perversion. Homosexual actions are not moral or immoral, natural or unnatural based on their sexual nature, rather this judgement is based on the consent and pleasure that arise from the activity. As long as the sexual activity is an expression of trust and intimacy it is not perverted or immoral. The case of incest, that was described, is again an example, of how as long as the act is consented by rational beings capable of making autonomous decisions it may not be scrutinized as perverted. If the two agents the 45 year old woman and 22 year old son believe that their activity is an expression of their intimacy we can not condemn it due to social perceptions or the ugh factor that it evokes in us. The act of incest does not violate any human rights and as such is not a matter of concern in the realm of perversion. Adultery, in my view, violates both the Golden Rule and some basic human rights. I think that adultery is a clear violation of the Kantian maxim that we can not deceive. In Wasserstroms work on adultery he states the immortality of adultery focuses on the connection between adultery and deception. According to this argument, adultery involves deception. And because deception is wrong, so is adultery. (Wasserstrom 160) This very Kantian formulation of a maxim makes it seemingly impossible to find a moral justification of adultery. Even passive adultery is a form of deception and as such commits the non-adulterating partner to a false relationship. It is unreasonable to think that simply not knowing of the offence is a defense against perversion. As it is impossible to universalize the maxim that we all have adultery committed in relationships in which we are inv olved adultery is a very serious form of perversion and consequently is immoral. In conclusion I will turn to Freuds appeal that sexual ethics is the core of moral personality: how we perceive and behave toward sexual partners both influences and is a mirror image of how we perceive and interact with people more generally. Freud claims that sexual desire is simply an appetite that needs to be quenched through any means. Further, a fuller knowledge of sexual practices provides a more complete foundation for actingmorally or immorallyin the world. However the failure to learn to control the pursuit of sexual pleasure undermines the achievement of a virtuous character and leads to acts that are perverted and immoral (Soble). In this way the exploration of various sexual activities is a learning curve that all humans should explore. The avoidance of perverse actions can be achieved through the application of the Golden Rule in association with the consent of a rational being; these are the preconditions required for sexual activity to be natural and moral. Works Consulted Outside of Class Resources:Nozick, Robert. Sexualityhttp://faculty.uccb.ns.ca/philosophy/205/nozick.htmSoble, Alan. Philosophy of Sexualityhttp://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sexuality.htm

Why did the League of Nations fail to keep peace free essay sample

Why did the League of Nations fail to keep international peace in the 1930s? Joel Surdhar The League of Nations was created to avoid international conflicts and maintain peace throughout the world, however the league of nations was not quite as successful as it intended. One of the main reasons why the League of nations was considered to be a failure was the Manchurian Crisis. The Manchurian Crisis was the invasion of a country in southern China, Manchuria, which was invaded by the Japanese. The Japanese were economically depressed due to the great depression ecause no one was rich enough to purchase their silk which was their main export. They felt the only way to recover their economy was territorial conquest. The Japanese were interested in Manchuria because China was particularly weak at the time due to civil conflicts. Manchuria was also close to Japan and was rich in coal and iron which were the key recourses which Japan lacked therefore it was an ideal target for Japan to invade. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did the League of Nations fail to keep peace? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In September 1931 the Japanese launched an invasion on the South Manchurian railway at Mukden and occupied the local area. China sent an ppeal to the League of Nations and the Japanese promised a withdrawal, however they stood their ground as they realised that the League of Nations had little power. It was a key moment in which the League of Nations was needed when the Chinese appeal but they remained powerless to the situation. The League of Nations had little military empowerment over Japan, as it was extremely hard to transfer their army across the world. Another problem which the Europeans faced was that they could not deny trade with Japanese because they knew the Americans would trade with the Japanese instead because US did not Join the League of Nations. The greater powers of Europe, France and Britain were afraid of attacking making an aggressive approach toward Japan because it way threaten their Far Eastern Colonies such as Singapore or Hong Kong. In response, the League of Nations sent Lord Lytton to take a report and analysis of the situation. 18 months later Lord Lytton returned and confirmed that the Japanese invasion was not Justified. In 1933 in the League Assembly a vote was hold gainst Japans actions and the result was 42 to 1 against Japan and Japan simply left the League. The League of Nations were too late and the Japanese had already secured Manchuria. Therefore the League of Nation had failed to resolve this particular conflict due to a lack of power and perhaps could have supressed Japans economy if the US was part of the League of Nations and then Japan would have no one to trade with and would be forced to withdraw the invasion. Another Key problem that the League of Nations faced was the conflict of Abyssinia. Abyssinia was a poor country in North-East Africa and it was one of the few areas of Africa not under European control. The itallians tried to conquer Abyssinia in 1896 but failed in the battle of Adowa. Mussolini, the itallian dictator was keen for revenge and plotted to take Abyssinias mineral resources and fertile land. This was against the friendship treaty of Italy and abyssinia signed in 1928. The League of Nations was anxious to avoid a clusn b e tween taly and abyssinia because France and Brittan elieved Mussolini was the strongest ally they had against the threat of Hitler, however Mussolini hoped the League of Nations would let him do what he wanted in Abyssinia. Italy later attacked Abyssinia in October 1935 and it was a clear win for Italy as they had much more advanced weapons than the poor country of Abyssinia. The League of Nations had to respond to this attack, as it was unprovoked invasion. The League of Nations banned the sale of arms and goods to Italy, however they did not ban oil exports as they were again fearful that the US would sell to Italy instead. France and Brittan owned the seuz canal which was a very important route from Italy to Abyssinia, but the canal was not closed because France and Brittan did not want to provoke a full scale war with Italy. Instead the British and French governments created a secret deal. This was called the Hoare-Laval Pact, the deal was that Italy would get 2/3 of Abyssinia if they stopped the war. Mussolini said he would accept this deal, however the deal was leaked to the French press which caused public uproars and protests, forcing Hoare and Laval to resign. The Italy was very offended nd left the League and became an ally of hitler, making the conflict of abyssinia very unsuccessfully handled by the League of Nations. In conclusion the League of Nations failed to keep peace because of not having enough authority and global power such as in Eastern Europe. The League of Nations could have possibly been more successful had the US Joined, which would give the League more power, authority and global presence. The League of Nations had also been severely damaged by the Hoare-Laval pact and lacked respect and authority from countries.

Liberty essays

Liberty essays Western mans pursuit of liberty has been constant. Indeed, the concept of liberty is central to Western political thought and history. The following essays, which were the first of the Goodrich Lecture Series at Wabash College, examine the concept of liberty as it has been understood from antiquity through the twentieth century. Since they were delivered, some of the essays have been modified, but the original thrust of the lecture series has been preserved. It is fitting that these lectures focused on this concept which was so important to Mr. Pierre Goodrich, in whose honor this lecture series was created. Mr. Goodrich founded Liberty Fund Inc., a foundation given over to the programmatic and philosophic study of society made up of free and responsible individuals. The value of such studies reflects Mr. Goodrichs understanding of the difficult problems raised in advancing and defending human liberty. These essays examine the meaning given to the concept of liberty in selected periods of Western history. They demonstrate that Western man, in the pursuit of liberty, has concerned himself in every historical epoch with this concept as he attempted to define, implement, and, most importantly, understand it. Free will, that quality which characterizes the uniqueness of human beings, is evidenced in their acts, behaviors, and choices. However, this fact does not mean that human behavior, thought, and choice have unchanging purpose or content since such free choices are within the power of the individual and are conditioned by the circumstances in which individuals operate. Consequently, historical examination of this concept provides an outline for the inquiry made regarding the nature of liberty-its definition, its implementation, and its value. Professor Rufus Fearss essay opens this unique collection by examining the concept of liberty in Republican Rome and its transformation from the period of the Republic to th...

Global Family Business Leadership Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Global Family Business Leadership - Term Paper Example The company incorporates two exceptional principles: Efficiency and Freedom for generations. This distinguishes Mars from its competitors. Being a private family owned business there has to be freedom to make long term investments (Nicholson, 2005). The Middle East and North Africa (Mena) began in 1930when its predecessor Morgan Guaranty Trust Company helped U.S based oil companies to strengthen their operations in Saudi Arabia (Aronoff & Ward, 1996). Morgan Guaranty Trust Company is owned by 20% of the shareholders based in London (Barrett & Moores, 2009). Expansion to a market segment like Saudi Arabia may pose tricky situation bearing in mind the religion and culture of most residents in this market. In addition, clashing values, setting and atmosphere play a crucial role in the new entrance (Nicholson, 2005). All businesses require proper management in order to succeed in its endeavors (Aronoff & Ward, 1996). Mars being a global family business believes in seeking leaders’ advises in regards to protection of culture, putting in place business innovations and in providing direction to visions and values of the organization (Nicholson, 2005). The greatest challenge of such a role is unique to every family and context of operation Mars included. It should be noted that leadership in such positions as family businesses is one of the most debated and perplexing scenarios world over, yet least understood. This paper seeks to gather thoughts and experiences with a view of solving puzzling intricacies behind Mar’s expansion into Saudi Arabia. Family business leaders often face numerous strategic challenges in their efforts to maintaining a strong cultural identity of the business (Nicholson, 2005). This research paper underscores emotional intelligence in management, family-non-family relationship at the management apex, collective leadership as well as cultural build up

Policy evaluation and analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Policy evaluation and analysis - Research Paper Example Canada is definitely a vast country that has a diverse climate. This makes the effects of climate change practically the more important.   The Canadian government supports attempts to protect their environment and of the entire globe through certain developed programs and policies, conducted scientific research as well as working closely with the provinces, territories, other government departments and international partners so as to fight against the problem climate change. The November 4, 2013 project of oil sands in Saskatchewan and Alberta are the main reason on which Canada continues to consistently increase carbon dioxide output which is in total contradiction in regard to its promises that it made at Copenhagen by 2009. This information originates from the recent Environment Canada- the National Inventory Report about the greenhouse gas sinks and sources that was submitted to UN Framework Convention about Climate Change in 2013. The contribution of Canada to global carbon dioxide gas emissions is in overall, not that significant since it`s, in fact, amounting to a mere 2%. However, in regard to the per capita contributions, the country produces over 20 tons which is one of the highest in the globe. By the time Canada was committing itself at Copenhagen that it was to reduce its own emissions to about 17%, that was below the 2005 levels, by 2020, with United States making the same commitment, Canada had realized a decreases in their overall carbon dioxide gases from the peak of about 750 megatons by 2007 to about 690 megatons in 2009. However, since 2009 Canadas carbon dioxide gas emissions have always trended upward. Currently, the report says that aggregate emissions of carbon dioxide gases are standing at 702 megatons. Climate change is indeed a global problem that comes with global consequences. By  2006, temperature warmer-than-average was recorded across the globe for the period of  30th

Performance of the Leader as Affected by Followers Essay

Performance of the Leader as Affected by Followers - Essay Example However, as observed, leadership does not necessarily imply laudable, good conduct as it is entirely possible to induce destructive behavior through crooked ways (Hock, 2001). In Hock's description, the true leaders are those who typify the general sense of the community, "enabling its conscious, shared values and beliefs to emerge and be transmitted from generation to generation" (Hock, 2001). From here comes the belief that a community is eventually directed by the conscious, shared values and beliefs of the individuals of which it is composed (Hock, 2001). This may be exemplified by two leaders that had different types of followers: the non-violent Dr. Martin Luther King and the cruel Adolf Hitler (Warren, 2001). A much better way to understand leader performance as affected by the follower is Hollander's (1997) explanation about the dynamics of leadership. He said that the follower role is expected as one of low power and passive but this is misleading, he believed, because followership is an active accompaniment to leadership. Leaders may be more active, especially in directing, but followers can affect a leader as an "attentive strategic audience," he said. There exists in fact a two-way support and influence that are essential to the leader-follower bond (Hollander, 2007). Such are understood as credit that followers can accord or withhold from their leaders, reflecting their loyalty and trust (Hollander, 1997). This ties up with what Barbara Kellerman (2004) warned as bad followership existing in our systems. In a very real sense, followers lead by choosing where to be led (Hock, 2001), affirming the belief that followers have a way of affecting leader performance. This line of reasoning is maintained throughout this paper. From definitions of leadership and how it occurs, to leadership characteristics, the discussion leads to the leader-follower relationship, also called Inclusive Leadership (CCL, 2007) and particularly describes the "Idiosyncrasy Credit" (IC) Model of Holland (1968) as a cogent explanation of the dynamics of this relationship. The discussion further delves into followership and goes finally to the topic of leadership performance. This is made distinct from optimum organizational performance where ideally the former is made subject to the latter. The paper includes specific examples of bad leaders and follower influence on the topic of idiosyncratic credits (IC) model propounded by Hollander (1964). It finally concludes with the recommendation that followership as a subject of research should be given importance. Leader-follower relationship How relationship develops. Leadership is a field of interaction or a relationship between leaders and followers (Warren, 2001). Such leader-follower relationship ideally evokes the essence of a clear, meaningful purpose and compelling ethical principles (Hock, 2001), where the relationship develops with the leader and the follower connecting to create one, undivided whole. This means there is no leader who can exist without gaining the support of others (Warren, 2001). Conflicts may come at times between leader and follower, partly on account of leaders and followers processing information from their own subjective, internal frame of reference (Warren, 2001). However, an alignment may come between the two when followers identify with a leader because the leader fits the followers' image of

The Violation Of Animal Rights

The Violation Of Animal Rights Every country is facing the environmental problems these days. It includes ozone depletion, global warming and loss of natural resources such as water, air, and other materials, and it also include the wildlife. Wildlife and forests are the very important part of every country, because it provides clean and fresh air. Everyone has same rights regardless human or non-human. I am raising the environmental issue which is on animal abuse, the violation of animal rights. It includes the abuse of drug testing, experiments, killing animals for food, and clothing. I am totally against the animal abuse, because it avoids the environmental ethics. We should have to be solving this problem in a unity. I want to write in the favour of animal rights. Drug testing and experiments on animals Every field of technology is growing very fast and for the sake of advancement they do hundreds of tests every month; it includes the field of architecture, engineering, manufacturing industry, and medical science. Ninety- four percent of animal testing is done to determine the safety of cosmetics and household products leaving only 6% for medical research. When scientists try to make advancements in the medical field, first of all they try on the animals which kill or harm different types of animals. For example, when doctors make new type of eye lens they try these lenses on the eyes of rabbit, because the eye retina of rabbit and human are same. If those lenses doesnt effect on the eyes of rabbit then they launch in the market, but imagine when that experiment fails on the rabbits eyes it make him blind which ruins the life of that rabbit and also violates the animal rights. The blinding of rabbits to have a new kind of mascara is yet to be justified. In most of the medicines scie ntists include the bones powder of animals. Death during the experiments and testing considered unnecessary and are morally not different from murder. Animal dissection is regarded as misleading. Killing of animals for food and religion celebration People abuse the animals by eating and hunting them. I am totally against the non-vegetarians, and prefer to be a vegetarian. Thousands of animals killed every day to eat and for fun; it includes cow, chicken, goat, fish, deer etc. Its like too selfish to kill someone and serve as a food for others. Animals have also emotions such as love, affection toward their families. Some studies prove that they also have same feelings like humans. Animals also suffer through pain, feelings, like physically or mentally. I saw many situations when people dont show any mercy towards animals. For example, I watched a video clip where people cut the chicken legs and beak for their selfishness because they can`t walk and fed by siting on one place. Chicken grows faster as compare to normal situation. People kills different kinds of animals for special occasion such as parties, marriage ceremony that shows the cruelty of human and also speciesism Peter Singer argues on speciesism that animals do not d eserve for rights or moral consideration simply because they are non-human, it is like similar as racism and sexism. I also want to say that every religion oppose the animal killing, but I saw on many religious occasions people killed animals and eat them and enjoy that day. To instance in Muslim culture, they kill animals for religious purpose which is against the animal rights. It is ridiculous for people when they killed someone and enjoy the day. All people who eat meat are murderers, because they pay money someone to kill them. Usage of animals for wearable products and entertainment People kill animals and use their skin for clothing or other wearable accessories. It is important to know which species are raised and killed on fur farms. Of the 31 million animals killed on fur ranches each year, about twenty-six million are mink and 4.5 million are fox. In addition, 250,000 chinchillas, 150,000 sable, 100,000 Fitch, 100,000 raccoon dogs (a separate species from the American raccoon), and a small number of lynx, bobcat, and nutria are fur farmed. Mink are very solitary creatures that spend a substantial portion of their day swimming in the water. This is an active species and does not adapt well to life in a cage. Hundreds of millions animal are skinning worldwide, and tortured to make the different type of products, like clothing, boots, etc. In every part of the world millions of cows killed to use as resources to produce leather products such as clothes, shoes or sofas. There are not only cows are used as to make clothing products, there are also some other spe cies who skinned alive. For example, ducks and geese are also used to produce down and feathers, which are pulled off from their bodies. Many other animals are also used as a raw material for humans. They killed in the slaughter house. Crocodiles and snakes are also killed to make boots, handbags and jackets. If we think about the value of someones life it cannot be just a pair of boot or coat. Finally, animals are also abused for entertainment. Hundreds of people say that Circuses are the good way to entertain them. But that people dont know the truth that how animals are tortured during their training session. Animals are not well trained to entertain people by their birth; they are tortured by many nasty ways to learn the tricks which are used to entertain people. When they torture to the animals they use electric rods which give them electric shocks, they also use fire torches to burn the hairs from their skin. Actually when people are laughing on animals or on their tricks that they do in the circus show, animals are not enjoying at that time they just scared from people and their operators. Could you imagine this horrible position when someone trap to you and then he torture to you to do the tricks, and other people laugh on you. How ashamed animal feel when we laugh on them. It abuses the animals and violates the human rights. A possible objection on my point of view is that to get advancements in the medical field, doctors have to do experiments on animals. Doctors are able to cure many diseases these days only because of those experiments they did on animals. If they stopped doing research on animals then we would not be able to find the medicines for new diseases, which can kill thousands of people too. When military people go on their operations, they have to kill animals to alive due to the shortage of food. Animals are a good source of energy. If anyone requires energy quickly then doctors suggest them to eat meat. Some people live high in the mountains, where they cannot plant crops. So, they have no option to live without meat. Clothing is also very important for those who lived in cold areas; they wear the fur of animals and prevent themselves from the winter season. So, they kill animals and make their suitable clothes. They mostly use the skins of animals. Circuses should be fine if trainer trai ned the animals without any torture. They should use or have to find the other ways to train them. These are the responses on my objections; There should be some acts in every country to protect animal rights, for example according to United Kingdom animal act 1986 requires experiments to be regulated by three licences: a project licence for the scientist in charge of the project, which details the numbers and types of animals to be used, the experiments to be performed, and the purpose of them; a certificate for the institution to ensure it has adequate facilities and staff; and a personal licence for each scientist or technician who carries out any procedure. if doctors want to do the drug test on animals; they should keep in mind that these tests dont affect animals. These tests should not kill or ruin the life of animal, if they affect it should be on minor stage which can cure after the test. Doctors should have to find the other minerals which can be used in medicines regarding the bones of animals. People should have to change their taste from non-vegetarian to become veget arian. People who eat meat just for taste or for fun, they should have to stop eat meat. I can understand the condition of military people and they eat meat because of their situation, but not for fun or for taste. Clothing is also the same situation; people who live at high places and need fur to wear it should be fine for them, but people who can live without wearing furry clothes, they should oppose these clothes. Conclusion God has created this earth and gives the equal rights to everyone to live with freedom and it does not matter that he is human or non-human. But these days conditions to live on earth are becoming worse as compare to older time. As the population is increasing, forests are falling down to get the more space for humans so wildlife and animals are in danger. For example Indias agricultural land and forest are about to finish because of the population, so vegetables price is rising day by day and people are becoming non vegetarian. Animal killing for food is also against the animal rights, people should have to be vegetarian and they have to show mercy for animals. The use of animals for drug testing should be limited or should be in the favour of animals, means drug test should not harm animals in any way. People also have to oppose the leather material and reject to wear it. The training session of animals to do the tricks for circuses is very abusive and tortured. It should be banned in every country. Finally, I would like to say that all are born with equal rights on this earth, so show mercy and oppose the abuse of animals.

Benefits and Risks of Antibiotics Essay -- Antibiotics Pills Essays

Benefits and Risks of Antibiotics Introduction There are many issues that producers face in their practices today. One of these issues concerns the widely accepted use of antibiotics in livestock feeds. There are benefits and risks associated with this use. These issues impact not only the animal industry; the repercussions are seen on a much larger scale in the general public. This paper will give an overview of both the pros and cons of this issue. Background Antibiotics have been approved for use in livestock feed for over 30 years. This includes a variety of different antibiotics that are added to the feed at sub-therapeutic levels. There are strict guidelines that limit the amount of antibiotic to no more that 200 grams per ton of feed. Each antibiotic also has a minimum and/or maximum amount set. Antibiotics are widely used in all areas of the animal industry. They are most prevalent in swine, poultry and beef rations. PRO Antibiotics are invaluable to the producer. There have been numerous studies that show growth promotion and increased feed efficiency (a.k.a.: nutrient conversion) are achieved by using antibiotics in the feed. All industries can benefit from antibiotic use. For example, 100% of poultry producers add antibiotics to their rations for increased feed efficiency in growers and increased egg production in layer hens. Feedlot cattle are fed antibiotics to reduce the incidence of liver abscesses - a major money loss at slaughter. There are many who argue that the practice of including antibiotics in feed leads to drug resistant bacteria. The research done on this topic is inconclusive. Some producers are trying to get around this problem. These producers implement a gradient-feeding regime... ...uperbugs on the hoof? Science. 2000 May 5:288(5467):792-4 Hayes, D. J., H. H. Jensen, L. Backstrom, J. Fabiosa. Economic Impact of a Ban on the Use of Over-the-Counter Antibiotics in Swine Rations. 1999. Staff Report 99SR90 Center for Agriculture and Rural Development, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. Hoogkamp-Korstanje, JA. 1999. Ned Tijdschr. Geneeskd. (translation). PubMed abstract Houndt, T., H. Ochman. Long-Term Shifts in Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance in Enteric Bacteria. Appl.Environ. Microbiol. Dec 2000 V.66:5406 Jurgens, Marshall. 1997. Animal Feeding and Nutrition, 8th Edition. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. Kamphues, J. 1999. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wonchensch. (translation). PubMed abstract. Tollefson, L., M. A. Miller, Antibiotic use in Food Animals: Controlling the Human Health Impact. J. AOAC Int. 2000 March/April; 83(2):245-254 Benefits and Risks of Antibiotics Essay -- Antibiotics Pills Essays Benefits and Risks of Antibiotics Introduction There are many issues that producers face in their practices today. One of these issues concerns the widely accepted use of antibiotics in livestock feeds. There are benefits and risks associated with this use. These issues impact not only the animal industry; the repercussions are seen on a much larger scale in the general public. This paper will give an overview of both the pros and cons of this issue. Background Antibiotics have been approved for use in livestock feed for over 30 years. This includes a variety of different antibiotics that are added to the feed at sub-therapeutic levels. There are strict guidelines that limit the amount of antibiotic to no more that 200 grams per ton of feed. Each antibiotic also has a minimum and/or maximum amount set. Antibiotics are widely used in all areas of the animal industry. They are most prevalent in swine, poultry and beef rations. PRO Antibiotics are invaluable to the producer. There have been numerous studies that show growth promotion and increased feed efficiency (a.k.a.: nutrient conversion) are achieved by using antibiotics in the feed. All industries can benefit from antibiotic use. For example, 100% of poultry producers add antibiotics to their rations for increased feed efficiency in growers and increased egg production in layer hens. Feedlot cattle are fed antibiotics to reduce the incidence of liver abscesses - a major money loss at slaughter. There are many who argue that the practice of including antibiotics in feed leads to drug resistant bacteria. The research done on this topic is inconclusive. Some producers are trying to get around this problem. These producers implement a gradient-feeding regime... ...uperbugs on the hoof? Science. 2000 May 5:288(5467):792-4 Hayes, D. J., H. H. Jensen, L. Backstrom, J. Fabiosa. Economic Impact of a Ban on the Use of Over-the-Counter Antibiotics in Swine Rations. 1999. Staff Report 99SR90 Center for Agriculture and Rural Development, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. Hoogkamp-Korstanje, JA. 1999. Ned Tijdschr. Geneeskd. (translation). PubMed abstract Houndt, T., H. Ochman. Long-Term Shifts in Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance in Enteric Bacteria. Appl.Environ. Microbiol. Dec 2000 V.66:5406 Jurgens, Marshall. 1997. Animal Feeding and Nutrition, 8th Edition. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. Kamphues, J. 1999. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wonchensch. (translation). PubMed abstract. Tollefson, L., M. A. Miller, Antibiotic use in Food Animals: Controlling the Human Health Impact. J. AOAC Int. 2000 March/April; 83(2):245-254

Back to the Moon

More than thirty years after America’s first landed on the moon, the current President of the United States, George W. Bush, recently announced his plan of sending American astronauts back to the moon (BBC News). The President’s target is to accomplish this goal by the year 2015 (Lane, 2004). The project can be said to be merely preliminary to Bush’s more flamboyant plan, which is to prepare the exploration to Mars. Moreover, the program also intends to make up for the setbacks experienced by the United States space program, such as the Columbia shuttle disaster (BBC News).The Columbia disaster prompted Bush and a group of administration officials to develop a new plan that would use the existing space shuttles to â€Å"complete assembly of the International Space Station (ISS) by 2010† (Lane, 2004). Bush revealed his new vision for the United States human space program in a speech delivered at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) headq uarters. He called for the retirement of the space shuttle to give way for building new space vehicles that would, in the future, allow travel to Mars (Lane, 2004).The space shuttle is expected to fly in about 13 or 14 more missions before its expected retirement in 2010 (Hunt, 2007; BBC News). Bush’s vision also calls for the use of robots and human manpower in the exploration of the moon. The ultimate aim of the vision is to prepare the moon as a living base and to develop means for explorations to Mars (BBC News). The Space Shuttle The space shuttle is a brainchild of improvements and inventions in rocketry. The craft contains three main engines that provide huge amounts of force compared to previous spacecrafts.It also boasts of a reusable engine and engines that weighs quite lightly considering their power (The History of Moon Exploration). Considering its characteristics, it is no wonder that Boeing boasts of it as the â€Å"most sophisticated human-rated launch vehicl e in the history of space flight† (Boeing). The space shuttle had its first flight in 1981, and since then it was able to aid more than a hundred missions involving hundreds of astronauts (Boeing). Boeing claims that the spacecraft still has 75 percent of its design life to spare (Boeing).The space shuttle plays a major role in sustaining the International Space Station, being the ISS’ heavy-lift cargo vehicle. The space shuttle is responsible for having lifted the now existing structure in orbit, which comprises two-thirds of the ISS (Boeing). Bush wants to retire the space shuttle by 2010 at the earliest, hoping that by then the International Space Station is already complete (Hunt, 2007; BBC News). Bush also hopes that by the said time, the Crew Exploration Vehicle already becomes operational (Hunt, 2007; BBC News).However, before such goals are realized and as long as the shuttle remains safe to carry on its tasks, it shall remain as the primary spacecraft aiding th e United States’ projects towards space (Boeing). Picture 2. The Space Shuttle. Photo retrieved March 6, 2007, from www. boeing. com/†¦ / hsfe_shuttle/what_is. html The Crew Exploration Vehicle Bush’s vision is an echo of a similar dream by his father in 1989, which did not come to fruition because the cost estimates ballooned up to $400 billion (Lane, 2004).Working on the premise that the desire to explore is part of human character, Bush said that his dream is to build space vehicles that could travel far beyond the capacity of the space shuttle, which only reaches 386 miles (Lane, 2004). Bush thus announced his plans to develop a new spacecraft called the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV). This vehicle would be the first to take man to outer space since the Apollo spaceships (BBC News). The CEV is expected to be a versatile crewed vehicle that could carry American teams in a mission projected to be undertaken in 2014 or 2015.The CEV is expected to begin flight tes ts by the year 2008 (Lane, 2004). The CEV’s look is designed to look similarly with the bullet-like style of the Apollo-style command module (Lane, 2004). Aside from the design, however, NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe says that no design has yet been approved regarding the way of keeping the CEV boosted in the air (Lane, 2004). Robots in Space It is believed by some that robotic exploration is more beneficial than human exploration, since the former is less expensive (The Washington Post Writers Group, 2007).Moreover, Professor Robert Park of the University of Maryland claim that robots have less physical limitations than humans, which means robots have better chances of discovering scientific finds over humans (BBC News). Even other countries that spend resources on space explorations, such as China and Russia, are encouraged to use robots in such ventures (BBC News). There are current efforts using robots in space exploration. Just recently, the United States celebrated th e successful landing of its robot rover Spirit on Mars (BBC News). Budgetary ConstraintsSince the previous space plans formulated by Bush’s father failed because of budgetary constraints (Lane, 2004), Bush is careful to get around the same drawback. Naturally, huge projects such as space explorations would cost loads of money and other resources. Thus, Bush’s ambitious new vision would entail modifications on the current budget of the NASA. The NASA currently has a five-year budget plan. However, Bush requests a $1 billion boost on this budget (Lane, 2004). This means that additional $200 million per year would be allotted for the project (Lane, 2004).This amounts to a 5% yearly increase to NASA’s current budget, which amounts to $15. 4 billion per year (BBC News). A rise of another 1% after the first three years is also requested by the U. S. President (BBC News). It is reported that Bush wants that $11 billion from the existing budget be earmarked for his new vision (Lane, 2004). The exact cost of the vision was not given (BBC News), but one thing is certain: the budget would have to be approved by Congress. (Lane, 2004). The White House, however, maintains that a â€Å"sustained focus over time† would help keep the budget for the exploration in check (Lane, 2004).There is also a need to reorient the current programs of NASA, so that NASA would not exceed its current spending, which only amounts to less than 1 percent of the federal budget, despite the additional goal (Lane, 2004). The Orion Currently, a ship has been built to carry humans to the moon. This spacecraft, called the Orion, is scheduled to debut in 2014 (Hunt, 2007). However, budgetary constraints will cause a delay of about four to six months. The Orion is now set to fly in 2015 (Hunt, 2007).NASA administrator Michael Griffin stated that Congress only approved the amount in NASA’s budget in 2006, which means that the approved budget is $545 million short of Bu sh’s request (Hunt, 2007). NASA does not welcome this lack of funding and the concomitant delay in the project, as strategic and practical concerns such as the degradation of equipment and facilities, besiege the institution (Hunt, 2007). A Brief History of Explorations to the Moon A brief review of the development of moon exploration is in order, so that a clear perspective can be had as to the propriety and utility of Bush’s proposed space exploration.Chinese astronomers were perhaps the first people to notice the Moon. For thousands of years, man has been captivated by the Moon, and man’s curiosity for it has been first assuaged by the invention of the telescope in 1609 (The History of Moon Exploration). The telescope, invented by Leppershey, made thorough observations possible despite the immense distance between the Earth and the Moon (The History of Moon Exploration). However, this invention was a double-edged sword: man developed an even more intense curi osity for the moon, leading man to dream of someday setting foot on the distant place (The History of Moon Exploration).Because of the enormous distance of the Moon from the Earth, reaching it would only be possible through flight. Unfortunately, air transportation took quite a while to be fully developed. The groundbreaking invention of the Wright brothers can be considered the first step towards space travel, because they invented the aeroplane, which allowed man to fly (The History of Moon Exploration). In 1943, another milestone in space exploration occurred with the development of rocketry by Von Braun. Braun was responsible for the A 4, which was the first successful ballistic rocket (The History of Moon Exploration).Despite the United States’ exposure to the latest technology at the time, such as the rocketry of Braun, it was Russia that made one of the most significant developments in space exploration. 1957 witnessed the launch of Sputnik I, which was the first artif icial satellite in space (The History of Moon Exploration). Russia was also the first to take pictures of the Moon. In 1959, its Luna satellites were able to obtain pictures of the far side of the Moon (The History of Moon Exploration). In 1963, the United States followed in the affair of obtaining pictures in space.Its Mariner Series satellites were able to acquire detailed pictures of Venus, and a year later, of Mars (The History of Moon Exploration). Saturn rockers were the next to be developed by the United States; these rockets were later used to power the Apollo Missions (The History of Moon Exploration). The country also ventured into designing moon landing vehicles, and was successful with Surveyor 6 and the Lunar Module, which proved that rocketry could bring man to the Moon (The History of Moon Exploration).The United States is also responsible for the Command and Service Module, a vehicle designed for the trip back to Earth from the Moon (The History of Moon Exploration). Man’s First Walk on the Moon The United States has the credit for sending the first man to walk on the Moon. On 21 July 1969, the whole world watched in awe as clips of Neil Armstrong’s first steps on the Moon were aired in international television (BBC News). The video clips were taken by television cameras installed on the Eagle landing craft (BBC News).

John Dos Pasos essays

John Dos Pasos essays There are few authors that have contributed greatly to American literature. One of these authors that have accomplished this task is John Dos Passos. He is considered to be one of the greatest novelists of all time. He shared his wide range of political views in such classic works as the U.S.A. trilogy. John Dos Passos helped the country through the progressive era and other social upheavals into the Industrial Revolution through his works. He is widely considered one of the greatest American authors ever. John Dos Passos was born January 14, 1896 in Chicago, Illinois. He was the illegitimate son of a widow, of Portuguese decent. His father was Portuguese also and worked as a successful lawyer. raised by his father, Dos Passos was brought up in the Catholic tradition. Throughout his childhood, he traveled in Europe and North America receiving a good education. After touring Europe and America, Dos Passos, then attended Harvard University. He graduated Cum Laude in 1916. Soon after college he volunteered as an ambulance driver in World War I. During this time he discovered his ability to write, and eventually this lead to his writing his famous trilogy. U.S.A. The U.S.A. trilogy describes the history of the United States from 1900 to 1930. Dos Passos took interest in Republican politics, which was reflected in his early works. During his illustrious career he was a member in many organizations such as American Arts and Letters, and he founded and he founded the New Masses in 1926. Dos Passos was greatly affected by the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti, in which he was unsuccessful at gaining their pardon. After this affair he worked as a correspondent for Life magazine and for the government in Central America. He then worked as a lawyer until his death in September 28, 1970 of an apparent heart attack. Dos Passos died in Baltimore, Maryland at the age of 74. John Dos Passos is widely...

Anual General Meetings Essays

Anual General Meetings Essays Anual General Meetings Essay Anual General Meetings Essay The affairs of the group/club shall be controlled by a committee comprising the Officers and (number) other members elected from, and by, the Members of the group/club.  The notice from the AGM will given by the club secetery in advance so that everybody will have a notice to attend. The AGM will have all the reports from officers from the managment commitee and statment of the audited acounts. All nominations for officer roles will be sent to the secotory of the AGM so elections will take place at the AGM. Anyone hwo is a member of the group or club has the right to vote. The quorum for AGMs shall be (number-usually 25 percent of the membership). Failure to achieve a quorum shall involve the existing Officers and General Committee remaining in their posts until a quorum is attained at a subsequent Annual General Meeting. The AGM has the right to call more meetings which are Extra-ordinary General Meetings. Its duties involve controlling the affairs of the group/club, to keep accurate accounts from the Treasurer, to make decisions based on a group and club vote but the chair should have the priority to decide if there is a tie vote. Discipline and appeals:  If there are any complaints against the club then they need to be sent in writing to the secetory of the commitee. The managment commitee will meet to listen to complaints within a week after the complaint has been seen too.  The commitee has the power to take out any dissiplinary action such as termination of membership. In respect to the person who made the complait a response should be sent back. Its the managment of the commitee who will make a decision on what action to carry out after days of recieving it form the secetory.In the event of a member being asked to resign his membership, no reimbursement of Annual membership fee will be considered. Any playing member failing to advise the Captain/Vice-Captain, following selection, of his inability to play, shall be subject to suspension, at the discretion of the General Committee  Dissolution:  A resolution to dissolve the club can only be passed at the AGM/EGM through a majority vote form members.  In the event of dissolution, any assets of the club that remain shall become the property of a govering body or a similer club focusing on the same objectives.Sportsmatch concentrates on improving the participation result in grass-roots and this is their main attraction.It is a sponsership scheme targeted at novice/amateur sport managed by the Institute of Sports sponcership and funded by the department for Culture, media and sport through grant aidby sports england. Sponcership is a common way of getting funds. But think how many people request sponsors all over the world and as a result it has become very competitive. To get a good deal we have to think about our approach. Not all sponcers involve finanial assistance. They can provide services, personal or products in exchange e.g.-football kit for a football team.  Donations  Never be scared of strangers! There mabye plenty of people who will be willing to donate funds. Ways we can increase our chances of gaining donations is by understanding the individuals or organisations motivations for donating to sporting and recreational organisations. Grants  There are lots of grants available.  First applications can be made to he National Governing body which comes under the unbrella of the WNU. It can provide grants for your sports.  You can apply to your local Local Authority which is Cardiff City Council. This is within the local community, this is the main source of funding for facilities, any facilities privatly owned, all areas are locally funded.The administrator of the Local Authority gives grants to our local communitys.

Toddlers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Toddlers - Research Paper Example Due to perceived milk intolerance and chronic eczema history, after weaning, the parent started feeding him daily with 1.5  litres of rice beverage, which is very low in protein content compared to caloric ingestion. Typical features of kwashiorkor were apparent in the child and kwashiorkor therapy was introduced, leading to a remarkable response to re-feeding and within three  weeks, a complete oedema resolution and a rising serum albumin was observed. After one  year, the child was thriving on a milk-based paediatric nutritional-supplemented regular diet. In the second case,  rickets were detected in a 17-month-old male child who was mature during birth, was breastfed until the age of ten months and after weaning, the parent fed him with a calcium/vitamin D- deficient soy health food beverage. The patient had inadequate exposure to the sun owing to parental career demands. He had grown and developed usually up nine months when an examination revealed clinical features of ri ckets. Calcium supplements and ergocalciferol were administered and within six  months, he had responded to therapy remarkably. Until the late 1920s when there was the introduction of commercially prepared vitamin D milk enrichment, in the US, nutritional rickets was a chief paediatric health plague.

Business Intelligence in Action Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Intelligence in Action - Assignment Example The data that companies will try to seek is the preferences of many things that Facebook users have towards products and services. This information will enable the business make more money as they will strive to provide this. Most of the information that companies target are the private information and tastes of individuals. Individual browsing history will be tracked (Vitt, Luckevich, & Misner , 2010). From the information, Facebook is considered to be bad. One way in which this is taken is that Facebook does not inform the users that they are using their private information. Another thing is that Facebook shares Facebook users’ profile information without the consent of the users (Vitt, Luckevich, & Misner , 2010). BI puts our privacy at risk than before. We are no longer safe with the information we give on Facebook. We do not know who else will get access to this information. Information we give might be used to incriminate us because we do not know who else will get this

Economics is, essentially the science of decision making. Do you agree Essay

Economics is, essentially the science of decision making. Do you agree or disagree Please explain and support your position - Essay Example The following discussion strengthens the hypothesis that economics is essentially the science of decision-making. Economics helps people to understand the production process, how goods and services can be exchanged, and the different consumption patterns in an economic system. In this case, economics plays a crucial role of helping individuals, and organizations to identify the goods and services that they can produce in the most profitable manner. It also enlightens them on the best markets to exchange their commodities, thus maximizing their returns. In relation to consumption, economics provides consumers with the ability to differentiate the consumption patterns that can make them live a stable life as opposed to consumption patterns that may impose strains on their lives. Therefore, economics plays a major role in the decision making process as it dictates what to do at given periods through provision of analytical data. The government also utilizes economic concepts when dealing with issues related to public finance and the concepts allow the government to set certain prices in the nation, and determine the spending of the government. Economics also contribute significantly to setting prices as it deals with the forces of demand and supply. Therefore, economics aids in the decision making process as it allows different entities to fix prices based on several considerations, that involves statistical relationships. Given that we live in a world of scarce resources, people strive to find ways that can help them utilize such resources in an efficient manner. Economics, which aims at studying human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means that have alternative uses teaches individuals to cope. It helps individuals to make good use of scarce resources, thus increasing their wealth, and welfare. This emanates from the fact that economics increases the ability of individuals to make wise

The Road to Wigan Pier by George Orwell Essay Example for Free

The Road to Wigan Pier by George Orwell Essay In the Road to Wigan Pier Orwell explained how the English class-system works. He purported that in Britain it isnt possible to determine the class of a person by simply looking at his income. The things that make up a middle-class person are his behavior, birth and profession. To describe fully the concept of middle class, Orwell, in Part One, set out to report, in a detailed and vivid manner, on working class life in the bleak industrial heartlands of the West Midlands, Yorkshire and Lancashire. In the seven chapters of Part One Orwell was able to describe the life of miners and conditions down a coal mine. Orwell described how he went down a coal mine to observe proceedings and he explained how the coal is distributed, and that the working conditions are very poor. He described the housing shortage in the region as the reason why people were satisfied even with substandard housing conditions. In the second part Orwell described his personal idea of socialism. His general idea is that socialism and communism are no longer movements of the working class. The movement is lead by the middle-class, the bourgeoisie. He stated plainly that he himself is in favour of socialism but feels it necessary to point out reasons why many people, who would benefit from socialism, and should logically support it, are in practice likely to be strong opponents. Reasons such as ,class prejudice and machine worship. He points that class prejudice is real and it is visceral. Middle class socialists do themselves no favors by pretending it does not exist and by glorifying the manual worker they tend to alienate that large section of the population which is economically working class but culturally middle class. Orwell finds most socialists guilty machine worship. He himself is suspicious of technological progress for its own sake and thinks it inevitably leads to softness and decadence. He points out that most fictional technically advanced socialist utopia are deadly dull.

The Behavioral And Technical Approach Information Technology Essay

The Behavioral And Technical Approach Information Technology Essay Several viewpoints on information systems illustrate that the study of information systems is a field with multiple disciplines and therefore, no single theory or perspective governs. Generally speaking, the field can be separated into behavioral and technical approaches. The behavioral approach can be broken down even further into sub-categories to include economics, psychology, and sociology. The technical approach can also be broken down into sub-categories to include management science, computer science, and operations research. A very important element of the information systems field is involved with behavioral issues that surface in the development and preservation of information systems. Problems like strategic business design, implementation and utilization, and management cannot be fully explored with the models using a technical approach. Behavioral disciplines such as economics, psychology, and sociology can also contribute vital concepts and processes. For example, economists study information systems mainly interested in what impact systems have on cost structures within the business and within its particular market. On the other hand, Psychologists are interested in how human decision makers comprehend and use information. Finally, sociologists study information systems looking for how groups and organizations form the development of systems and also how these different systems affect individuals, groups, and organizations (Information Management, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The behavioral approach does not completely ignore technology. In fact, information systems technology is frequently the reason for a specific behavioral problem or issue. But usually the heart of this approach is not normally geared toward technical solutions. Instead it centers on modification in attitudes, management and organizational policy, and behavior. Technical Approach The technical approach to information systems puts emphasis on mathematically based models to study information systems, in addition to the physical knowledge and abilities of these systems. The disciplines that play a role in the technical approach are computer science, management science, and operations research. Computer science has to do with creating theories of computability, means of computation, and approaches to effective access and storage of data. Management science highlights the growth of models for decision-making and management procedures. Lastly, operations research deals with mathematical methods for optimizing business issues such as inventory control, transportation, and transaction costs (Information Management, 2010). Key Management Challenges Building, operating, and maintaining information systems in todays fast-paced business world can be very challenging. These key management challenges are based on a multitude of problems such as information system investments, strategic business decisions, globalization, information technology infrastructure, and ethics and security. Information System Investment Challenge If managed intelligently, investments in information systems can improve employees lives and a businesss overall performance. For instance, over the past twenty years the Internet has developed form a technical innovation to a personal and business necessity. Some businesss have recognized considerable improvements in processing information by changing from mainframe computing to personal computers connected by local area networks (LAN). The ability of software applications to identify and correlate pertinent data in a data warehouse allows businesses to uncover unidentified financial or physical resource relationships and therefore make available suitable assistance where there had been none. However, along with the ability to enhance lives and organizations, some information system investments can become risky, costly, wasteful mistakes. To overcome these challenges, senior management personnel need to be able to successfully evaluate these investments to ensure the correct return on investment (ROI) (Laudon Laudon, 2006). Strategic Business Challenge You can pick up any management book and you can read about the significance of developing a strategic plan, and ideas about how to both develop and implement your plan. On the other hand, you will also find articles that you imply that strategic planning does not work because it is impossible to develop a long term plan in this ever changing business environment. In my opinion, the truth lies somewhere in between. Strategic planning can definitely help you get prepared on what you need to accomplish over the next years, what things you will need to accomplish those goals, and exactly how to go about accomplishing your goals. The trouble is that the benefits of strategic planning can be easily lost. These plans fail primarily because of what happens after the process of strategic planning. In general, a great effort goes into creating and developing a strategic plan, which is then quickly put away and forgotten, even by the people that created it. The goal of strategic planning lies not only in the development of the plan, but also in its implementation. Implementing the strategic plan will only work if you are clear about what this plan can bring to you and the organization. The strategic plan needs to have value, not only to the organization, but also to the employees. The bottom line is that the plan needs to be used by everybody. A strategic plan needs to be used as a decision-making tool from the top of the organization all the way to the bottom. Chief Executive Officers ought to be able to use it to make decisions on the direction of their business, mergers, or staffing. Managers should also be able to use it to make decisions for the priorities of their departments goals and objectives, and to align the work of their department with the overall goals of organization. Lastly, every employee must be able to use the plan to recognize his or her own goals, and where they fit in big scheme of things. When implemented correctly, a strategic plan helps to add meaning and focus to not only every individual, but the organization as a whole (Information Systems, 2010). Globalization Challenge The globalization of information technology warrants special attention by business executives, government officials and scholastic researchers for a multitude of reasons. First, is that information technology and systems are high-technology industries of considerable size and with significant potential for stimulating economic growth and jobs. The immediate growth in global trade and the surfacing of an international economy require information systems that can sustain both the production and selling of goods and services in many different countries. Second, access to the most up-to-date computer and telecommunications technology is central to competitive success in nearly all industries. Government policies which deliberately or inadvertently retard technological progress in the production and use of computers, information systems and telecommunications have important economic effects. Third, given language barriers, cultural, and political differences among dissimilar countries, th is focus often resulted in confusion and the breakdown of central management controls (Laudon Laudon, 2006). To overcome these challenges, it is imperative for organization to develop global hardware, software, and information systems standards. Additionally, organizations must be able to create global accounting and reporting methods and design worldwide business processes. Information Technology Infrastructure Challenge This particular challenge for businesses deals with how organizations can develop information technology infrastructures that can sustain their goals when business situations are changing at a rapid pace. Aging infrastructure is obviously a huge issue in many industries that only gets bigger as time goes on. Some equipment may have had external upgrades or facelifts, but in most cases, it is over 70 years old. Many organizations are left with expensive and unmanageable IT platforms that cannot readily adapt to innovation and change. Additionally, a competitive business environment and the pressures of the global financial situation weigh increasingly on companies minds (Information Systems, 2010). To battle this challenge, some organizations may be required to redesign its organization and develop a new information technology infrastructure to survive in this competitive business world. Ethics and Security Challenge Organizations must always be cognizant that their information systems are used in both an ethically and socially responsible manner. Although information systems have provided many benefits, they have also created new ethical and security issues that must be addressed. Every improvement in information technology can be tied in with at least one ethical dilemma. From Facebook to ordering merchandise online, computer users are ignorant of the delicate balance between ethical behavior and profits. Businesses, software and hardware developers, and individuals must think about what is ethically correct when using information technology on a daily basis. The primary issues essential to the world of information technology are the individuals expectation of privacy and the providers ethical duty to use its applications responsibly (Information Systems, 2010). The challenges organizations will face will be how to apply high-quality assurance standards to their information systems, as well as to their products and services. Additionally, they will have to develop information systems that are not only secure but that are still easy to use by most individuals. Digital Firms A digital firm can be described as, One in which nearly all of the organizations significant business relationships with customers, suppliers, and employees are digitally enabled and mediate (Laudon Laudon, 2006, p. 11-12). The firms primary business processes are performed through digital networks encompassing the whole organization or connecting several different organizations. A core or primary business process can be defined as the minimum single tasks to be completed to provide a certain level of reliability in output, without any thought to hardware, software, or performance. When a core process is put into practice, anything can be added to make the process more efficient, but nothing can be removed. On the other hand, a business process can be defined as, The set of logically related tasks and behaviors that organizations develop over time to produce specific business results and the unique manner in which these activities are organized and coordinated (Laudon Laudon, 2006, p. 12). Digital firms are extremely powerful because they can sense and react to their ever changing surroundings much faster those traditions organizations. Because of their quick reaction and the fact that they are more adaptable than the traditional firm, digital firms are much more able to endure in unstable times. Because these new firms are completely digital, there exist much more opportunities for them in the global business word. The Internet is quickly becoming the information system infrastructure of preference for electronic commerce. It offers organizations an easy way to connect with other business and individual at an unbelievably low cost. Additionally, it offers a complete and uncomplicated set of technologies and technology standards that can be implemented by any organization. Organizations can use Internet technology to drastically cut their transaction costs, time searching for buyers and sellers, and gathering information on products or services. This information is at the fingertips of anyone with a computer and access to the Internet. One example of a powerful digital firm has to be EBay. Following 2001, there were a high number of dotcom businesses that failed, but there were a few that held their ground, like eBay. The success of eBay is based on its capacity to transform many splintered, predominantly local markets into global ones at a comparatively low cost to its users (Simonsohn, 2010). People have always had a basic need and an appeal in buying and selling used objects and collectibles items. Prior to eBay, people would have tried to sell their unwanted items through family garage sales, classified ads, and flea markets. Nevertheless, the amount of people accessible to sell these items to was limited due to the fact that face-to-face transactions were almost always required. Another great example of a powerful digital firm would be Google. Google isnt just legendary for producing and providing useful services, but it has also acquired a few innovative businesses and integrated them. These include YouTube, Blogger, Picasa and Jaiku. Google used its digital background to take advantage of opportunities in the global business world, making them one of the most powerful businesses to date (Google, 2010). Types of Information Systems For most organizations, there are many different requirements for data or information. Senior managers continually need up-to-date information to help aide in their business decisions. Mid-level managers may need a bit more detailed information to assist them in monitoring and managing a multitude of different business dealings. Lastly, supervisors and employees with operational roles need information in order for them to perform their everyday jobs. Consequently, organizations tend to have a number of information systems operating at the same time. The three I will be discussing are the management information system (MIS), decision-support systems (DSS), and the transaction processing system (TPS). Management Information System A management information system (MIS) management information system (MIS)System used to extract data from a database and compile reports that help managers make routine decisions. obtains data from a database to compose reports, such as detail reports, summary reports, exception reports, and financial statements to assist managers in making better decisions. The different types of reports depend on the specific information a particular manager may require. A MIS is largely involved with internal sources of information. MIS generally receive data from the transaction processing systems (TPS) and reduce it into a sequence of management reports. MIS reports generally are used by mid-level managers and operational supervisors (Laudon Laudon, 2006). Decision-Support Systems A decision support system (DSS)decision support system (DSS)Interactive system that extracts, integrates, and displays data from multiple sources to help managers make nonroutine decisions. is an interactive system that gathers, displays, and combines information from various sources to help managers make non-routine decisions. DSS are explicitly designed to help management make decisions in circumstances where there is doubt about the potential results of those decisions. DSS are made up of tools and procedures to help gather pertinent information and analyze decisions and alternatives. DSS often requires the use of complex spreadsheets and databases to produce what-if models (Laudon Laudon, 2006). Transaction Processing Systems The majority of organizations day-to-day activities are documented and processed by its transaction processing system (TPS)transaction processing system (TPS)Information system used to record and process an organizations daily activities or transactions., which collect input data and changes them into output information meant for a variety of users. Input data are called transactions which are transactionsFinancial and nonfinancial events that affect a businessevents that affect a business. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) are intended to process everyday transactions accurately and efficiently. A business may have several transaction processing systems to include; billing systems, payroll and tax payments systems, production and purchasing systems, or stock control systems to handle all movements into and out of the organization (Laudon Laudon, 2006). Challenges Posed by Information Systems Although the many different types of information systems are available to an organization and can be extremely beneficial to its growth, there are some management challenges. Some of these challenges include the tension related to designing and building the information systems, the need for training for both management and employees, and the need to establish which information systems is the most critical, therefore which system receives the majority of the funding. For an organization to overcome these challenges they need establish exactly what is needed in terms of information systems. Next, they need to schedule and provide proper training to all company personnel, so they are familiar with the systems. Finally, they need to develop a method of accounting for the cost of the systems and their priority. Key Enterprise Applications Most organizations compete in an rapidly changing, aggressive, global environment. Operating in a global environment forces an organization to concentrate on the most cost-effective implementation of its processes, customer service, and speed at which their products or services are brought to market. To achieve these lofty goals, it is essential that the organization freely exchange useful information across different functions, levels, and business departments. By incorporating all its processes, the organization can more effectively exchange information between departments, customers, and suppliers. The four key enterprise applications are enterprise systems, supply chain management systems, customer relationship management systems, and knowledge management systems. Enterprise Systems Enterprise systems incorporate the vital business processes of an organization into a separate software system. Data from a variety of functional areas are centrally housed and maintained where they can be retrieved and utilized by other functional processes. This alters an organizations work flow. Now information can effortlessly run throughout the organization, increasing synchronization, efficiency, and decision making. Enterprise systems are extremely tricky to employ successfully and once employed, are especially hard to change. Enterprise systems, also known as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems solve problems by providing a single information system for organization-wide coordination and integration of key business processes (Laudon Laudon, 2006, p. 56). Supply Chain Management Systems Supply chain management (SCM) can be described as an overseeing of resources, information, and finances as they move form supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer and finally to the consumer. Supply chain management requires managing and integrating the information, goods, and services flow together within and amongst organizations. Supply Chain Management Systems (SCMS) are used to help an organization manage its relationship with suppliers to optimize the planning, sourcing, manufacturing, and delivery of goods and services. SCMS supply information to aide suppliers, purchasing organizations, wholesale distributors, and logistic companies coordinate, schedule, and control business processes for their products and services (Su Yang, 2010). Customer Relationship Management Systems Many businesses make more profit from ongoing relationships with their customers than from the original sale. Customer relationship management (CRM) is a term applied to processes implemented by an organization to handle its contact with its customers. Customer relationship management systems (CRMS) concentrates on the coordination all of the business processes encompassing the organizations with its customers in sales, marketing, customer satisfaction, revenue optimizing services, and customer retention (Laudon Laudon, 2006). In todays highly-competitive business surroundings, the success of an organization relies greatly upon maintaining and exceeding customer expectations for both service and value. Knowledge Management Systems Knowledge management is the specific management of essential knowledge and information acquired by individuals so that it can be is effectively shared and made use of by other personnel in the organization. Through the successful sharing of corporate intellectual assets, Organizational Knowledge must be efficiently changed into business intellect. Personal knowledge concerning a business process must be converted into corporate knowledge ensuring it applied throughout consistently, ensuring maximum benefit to the organization. The main function of a Knowledge Management System (KMS) must be to make information obtainable to all authorized users (Laudon Laudon, 2006). However, implementing a straightforward information management system, file indexing and retrieval system is only the start. Securing corporate knowledge requires more than software and technology, it requires solid document management software and cultural alteration of how information is produced, handled, stored, and distributed.